What is Testicular Cancer?
Testicular cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles. The testicles are 2 egg-shaped glands located inside the scrotum (a sac of loose skin that lies directly below the penis). The testicles are held within the scrotum by the spermatic cord, which also contains the vas deferens and vessels and nerves of the testicles. [2]
Understanding the Testicles and Their Function
The testicles are the male sex glands and produce testosterone and sperm. They are held in place by the spermatic cord, which also contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves associated with the testicles. The primary functions of a testicle are to produce testosterone, the male sex hormone, and to generate sperm.
Germ cells within the testicles produce immature sperm that travel through a network of tubules (tiny tubes) and larger tubes into the epididymis (a long coiled tube next to the testicles) where the sperm mature and are stored. [2]
Types of Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer typically originates in the germ cells of the testicles. There are two primary types of testicular germ cell tumors:
- Seminomas: These tumors are more sensitive to radiation therapy and generally grow and spread more slowly.
- Nonseminomas: These tumors tend to grow and spread more quickly than seminomas. They include several subtypes, such as embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma.
Sometimes, a testicular tumor may contain both seminoma and nonseminoma cells. In such cases, it is treated as a nonseminoma due to its more aggressive nature.
Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
Symptoms of testicular cancer can include:
- A testicular lump or swelling in one or both testicles.
- A feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum.
- Pain or ache in the lower abdomen or back.
- Changes in the size or shape of the testicles.
It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms or any unusual changes.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Testicular cancer is diagnosed through various methods, including:
- Physical examination: A healthcare provider will check for lumps or abnormalities.
- Ultrasound: This imaging test helps visualize the testicles and detect any tumors.
- Blood tests: These tests measure tumor markers that can indicate the presence of cancer.
- Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for testicular cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease. Common treatments include:
- Surgery: The affected testicle may be removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy.
- Radiation therapy: Used primarily for seminomas, this treatment targets cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth, especially for nonseminomas.
Contact a physician at a urologic cancer center to determine a treatment for the cancer type. They will likely also perform a blood test and cancer screening to ensure the cancer hasn’t spread to other organs. Research the stages of testicular cancer to fully understand this condition.
Prognosis and Survival Rates
The good news about testicular cancer is that it is one of the most treatable forms of cancer. When detected early, the survival rate is very high. Approximately 99% of men diagnosed with early-stage testicular cancer survive and can return to their normal, active lives. [1]
Explore testicular cancer risk factors to better understand contraction risks.
Preventive Measures and Self-Exams
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent testicular cancer, regular self-exams can help with early detection. Many testicular cancer cases are easily treatable when cancer survivors notice a testicular tumor during a self-exam. Performing a monthly testicular self-exam involves checking for lumps, hardness, or swelling in the testicles. This simple examination can be done in the shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
Conclusion
Testicular cancer is a serious but highly treatable disease, especially when caught early. Understanding the symptoms, undergoing regular self-exams, and seeking timely medical advice are key to managing and overcoming this condition. For more information and support, consult a healthcare professional or visit resources provided by the Testicular Cancer Foundation.
